It's part of our job as visual artists to understand how A: we perceive the world around us, B: how our perceptions differ to what is actually there, and C
: what we can do as artists to bridge the gap between perception and reality in interesting ways.
It's a deep place to go so it's better to talk about it in a video at some point but for now I'll explain the visuals I've presented here in this tutorial.
Then we see a very gentle gradient, which is so subtle the eye won't notice any difference until we place two blocks of identical value at both ends of the gradient. Then we see there's a slight value difference.
The final example here demonstrates how difficult it is to discern two values if they are placed far from each other. When placed next to each other we see that they are slightly different, though we would never have spotted it otherwise.